Название: London Clay Tobacco Pipes
The study of clay tobacco pipes has resulted, over the last twenty years, in close dating of this humble product. As a result it has become a valuable aid in the dating of post-medieval archaeological sites and has been widely used for this purpose on American Colonial sites. London was the earliest manufacturing centre and, with Bristol, the largest. This paper is an attempt to link the historical background with a detailed archaeological study of the product and to illustrate characteristic styles of London pipes. It should be used in conjunction with the articles previously published in the Association's Journal and the Archeological Newsletter, referred to in this text as Oswald and Atkinson.
The History of the Company throws light on the social background and organization of the pipe makers. These were, for the most part, poor, largely illiterate, and confined by the process of manufacture to the poorer quarters on the perimeter of the City. Even so some left wills and many were well enough established to have an export trade. The lists of makers, apart from their obvious use as a means of identify¬ing marks, provide material for a study of numbers, the persistence of family businesses, and the geographical distribution.
For our sources we have, apart from the Atkinson Collection, drawn on the collections of most of the Museums in London and in particular on the Guildhall Museum. To the officials of all these bodies we are greatly indebted. For much information on American pipes we are most grateful to Dr. I. Noel Hume, F.S.A., on Colonial Williamsburg, R. F. Marx on Port Royal, Iain C. Walker on Louisbourg. We count ourselves most fortunate in obtaining the coliaboration of J. F. V. Woodman in preparing this first account of the company and of B. J. Bloice and the members of the Lambeth Archaeological Society in compiling the nineteenth-century list. Finally we must thank I. Mortimer for the drawings of the decorated pipes and Mrs. M. Pursall for many of the other figures.
Introduction
The London Company of Tobacco Pipe Makers
Chronology of Bowl Types
Makers marks (on the base of the bowl, on the back of the bowl, on stems)
Unusual marks
Decorated Pipes
Trade and Export
Tables of London Makers in the New World
List of Makers 1600-1800
List of London Tobacco Makers 1800-1899
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